Impacto en la salud causado por los nanoplásticos contenidos en alimentos y su posible atenuación mediante un proceso de bioingeniería

Impact on health caused by nanoplastics contained in food and its possible attenuation through a bioengineering process

Contenido principal del artículo

María Jimena Erazo Ordóñez
Carlos Arturo Révérend Lizcano

Resumen

A través de los siglos, las poblaciones de seres humanos asentadas en los alrededores
de a�luentes hídricos han dispuesto indiscriminadamente sus desechos arrojándolos
a los ríos, lagos, océanos, y terrenos aledaños. Cuando las cantidades de desechos, en
su mayoría biodegradables son bajas, las consecuencias ambientales y sobre la salud
de las comunidades bióticas son mínimas. Sin embargo, la fabricación y disposición
en masa de materiales sintéticos no biodegradables desde mediados del siglo XX ha
tenido profundos efectos biológicos y ambientales. Los plásticos son el ejemplo más
signi�icativo de estos ubicuos materiales sintéticos, usualmente de un solo uso, no
biodegradables y con altas cantidades de aditivos químicos tóxicos. Debido a la alta
estabilidad y resistencia del plástico, es imposible vincularlo rápidamente en
procesos que permitan su degradación y descomposición; por ello, se han convertido
en la mitad de los residuos que hoy existen en el planeta. La deriva de estos
materiales conlleva a que, bajo condiciones ambientes, paulatinamente se vayan
fragmentando en partículas alcanzando las escalas de los micrómetros y los
nanómetros, a estas partículas se les ha categorizado como contaminantes
incidentales: micro y nanoplásticos. Hoy en día, el mundo contempla el boom de la
nanotecnología y cada vez más industrias se interesan por el uso de esta tecnología
emergente; producen micro y nanoplásticos de manera intencional para ser
incorporados en productos cosméticos, �ibras textiles, entre muchos otros
propósitos. La contaminación de estas partículas plásticas de dimensiones
imperceptibles, llega a los alimentos de consumo humano a través de la persistencia
en los ecosistemas y la bioacumulación, por diferentes vías de exposición, principalmente por ingesta en las diferentes cadenas que componen
la red trófica mundial, además, de la migración del material empleado para el
almacenamiento, preservación y empaque de los alimentos. Los nanoplásticos y
algunos microplásticos al ser ingeridos atraviesan las barreras físicas epiteliales y
se distribuyen por todo el organismo ingresando en prácticamente todos los tejidos
corporales, alterando su funcionamiento y aumentando la carga de enfermedad de
las comunidades bióticas incluyendo la humana. Al ser considerados materiales
inertes y heterogéneos, su identificación y recuperación es compleja, además de
no ser completamente efectiva. El presente escrito busca revisar información
que permita evaluar el impacto de los nanoplásticos presentes en los alimentos,
resaltando los efectos tóxicos que poseen estos materiales para la salud humana
a través de la bioacumulación y biomagnificación en las cadenas tróficas a nivel
biomolecular subcelular y, por otro lado, describir las técnicas de recuperación de
los nanoplásticos para reducir su presencia en los alimentos.

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Detalles del artículo

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